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How Polarization Begets Polarization : Ideological Extremism in the US Congress
Extreme polarization in American politics--and especially in the U.S.Congress--is perhaps the most confounding political phenomenon of our time.This book binds together polarization in Congress and polarization in the electorate within an ever-expanding feedback loop.This loop is powered by the discipline exerted by the respective political parties on their Congressional members and district candidates and endorsed by the voters in each Congressional district who must choose between the alternatives offered.These alternatives are just as extreme in competitive as in lop-sided districts.Tight national party discipline produces party delegations in Congress that are widely separated from one another but each ideologically narrowly distributed.As district constituencies become more polarized and are egged on by activists, parties are further motivated to move past a threshold and appeal to their respective bases rather than to voters in the ideological center.America has indeed acquired parties with clear platforms--once thought to be a desirable goal--but these parties are now feuding camps.What resolution might there be? Just as the progressive movement slowly replaced the Gilded Age, might a new reform effort replace the current squabble? Or could an asymmetry develop in the partisan constraints that would lead to ascendancy of the center, or might a new and over-riding issue generate a cross-cutting dimension, opening the door to a new politics?Only the future will tell.
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National Identity and Partisan Polarization
National Identity Identity and Partisan Polarization examines how national identity has become a central issue in political and social life across the world.Questions of identity--who should be counted as a "true member" of a society and who deserves assistance from the government--have displaced other social and economic issues across nations in many countries.This study considers the role of identity theoretically and in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Austria, Germany, Sweden, Hungary, Poland, Israel, and Taiwan.Identity varies over time and over countries. Some such as Sweden have a more "inclusive" sense of identity--one does not need to be born in the country or have ancestry to be considered a "true Swede." Other countries, such as Austria, France, Hungary, Poland, Israel, and Taiwan, have a more "exclusive" notion of identity--where one was born and a common heritage (race, religion, ethnicity) are seen as essential for seeing others as "true" members of society. "Outsiders" are viewed negatively, often as threatening a national culture and not deserving of government assistance.In the United States, the United Kingdom, and France, the major political parties take opposing positions on identity.In the United States and the United Kingdom, issues of identity have become highly correlated (polarized) with social and economic issues.In the former Communist countries of Hungary and Poland, the dominant parties have taken nationalist positions on identity but favor generous welfare policies for people of their own background.In Israel and Taiwan, social and economic issues have become less important than nationalism.
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The Biden Presidency : Politics, Policy, and Polarization
This book is among the first serious looks at the first 18 months of the Biden administration and its many challenges.From a tortured transition to a raging pandemic, a fragile economy, and the threat of international insecurity, Joe Biden entered office at a time even more fraught than that he faced as a new vice president.Confronting a nation divided sharply along political, cultural, and sociodemographic lines, Biden and Kamala Harris promised to unify the country, change the tone in Washington, mend fences with allies, and “build back better” a world assailed from stem to stern.This book assesses the successes and shortfalls of the Biden administration’s first 18 months in office, putting all in perspective of the current state of democracy in America.Intended to introduce students of American government to the person (Biden) and the institution (presidency) within a particular system (separation of powers), this book will appeal broadly to citizens, media, and general interest readers in the United States and abroad.
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Brexit, Tweeted : Polarization and Social Media Manipulation
Dissecting 45 million tweets from the period that followed the Brexit referendum, this book presents an extensive analysis of social media manipulation.The book examines emerging changes in partisan politics, nationalist and populist values, as well as broader societal changes that are feeding into polarization and echo-chamber communication.It pulls the curtain back on the techniques employed to interfere with, and potentially distort, the public discussion. Making complex data accessible to non-technical audiences, this unique post-mortem of the Brexit referendum contributes to our understanding of social media disinformation in the UK and beyond.
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Polarization in Astrophysics : The infrared through the radio
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The Rise of Polarization : Affects, Politics, and Philosophy
This book presents a philosophical analysis of affective polarization.It rejects the two-dimensional view of affective polarization and offers a multi-dimensional approach to it.An underlying philosophical issue throughout the book is that our political views are strongly influenced by purely contingent matters. The widespread approach to affective polarization emphasizes the role played by two key elements: political identities and feelings toward the out-group.However, this picture is incomplete. Affectively polarized societies are also characterized by the existence of two-sided narratives drawn upon politically fraught issues, and by the increased confidence in such narratives.In this book, the author examines affective polarization as a multi-dimensional phenomenon.He carefully analyses the essential features of the phenomenon and distinguishes five dimensions of it: the identity dimension, the emotional dimension, the narrative dimension, the credence dimension, and the linguistic dimension.Along the way, he addresses questions such as: How many types of polarization can be distinguished?What are the conditions for a society to count as affectively polarized?What are political narratives and political identities?What do partisans do when they say that they dislike the outgroup?The Rise of Polarization will appeal to scholars and advanced students working in political and social philosophy, political and social psychology, political science, political epistemology, political philosophy of language, and political theory.
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Democracies Divided : The Global Challenge of Political Polarization
Why divisions have deepened and what can be done to heal them. As one part of the global democratic recession, severe political polarization is increasingly afflicting old and new democracies alike, producing the erosion of democratic norms and rising societal anger.This volume is the first book-length comparative analysis of this troubling global phenomenon, offering in-depth case studies of countries as wide-ranging and important as Brazil, India, Kenya, Poland, Turkey, and the United States.The case study authors are a diverse group of country and regional experts, each with deep local knowledge and experience. Democracies Divided identifies and examines the fissures that are dividing societies and the factors bringing polarization to a boil.In nearly every case under study, political entrepreneurs have exploited and exacerbated long-simmering divisions for their own purposes-in the process undermining the prospects for democratic consensus and productive governance. But this book is not simply a diagnosis of what has gone wrong.Each case study discusses actions that concerned citizens and organizations are taking to counter polarizing forces, whether through reforms to political parties, institutions, or the media.The book's editors distill from the case studies a range of possible ways for restoring consensus and defeating polarization in the world's democracies. Timely, rigorous, and accessible, this book is of compelling interest to civic activists, political actors, scholars, and ordinary citizens in societies beset by increasingly rancorous partisanship.
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